The Syrian Martyrology of Rabban Silba is a book containing the names and feast days of a number of martyrs of the Syrian Church. It was edited by P. Paul Peeters, S.J., and published in Analecta Bollandiana #27 in 1908.
It includes the following saints:
Aaron the Illustrious
Saint Abel (Syrian)
Mar Abhai
Abhai of Hach
Abhai (saint)
Abhai (teacher)
References
Holweck, F. G. A Biographical Dictionary of the Saint. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co. 1924.
This article about a saint is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Martyrology_of_Rabban_Silba”
Categories: Saint stubs | Christian hagiography
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This March 2007 uses an unsuitable grammatical tense for an encyclopedia. Please consider copy editing to past tense if historic, present tense if not time-based (e.g. fiction), or future tense if upcoming.
The Ray
Publication information
Publisher
DC Comics
First appearance
(”Happy”) Smash Comics #14
(September 1940) (Silver) DCU Brave New World
(July 2006)
Created by
(”Happy”)
Lou Fine (Silver)
Justin Gray
Jimmy Palmiotti
Daniel Acuña
In-story information
Alter ego
- Lanford “Happy” Terrill
- Ray Terrill
- Stan Silver
Generation of light and solid light constructs, conversion to energy form, flight
The Ray is the name of three fictional characters, all superheroes in the DC Comics universe.
The first Ray was a Quality Comics character who was one of those purchased by DC Comics. He was later retconned as a member of the Freedom Fighters. His son, the second Ray, and Stan Silver, the third, were created by DC.
Contents
1Fictional character biography
1.1Lanford “Happy” Terrill
1.2Ray Terrill
1.3Stan Silver
2Powers and abilities
3Alternate versions
4In other media
5References
6External links
Fictional character biography
Lanford “Happy” Terrill
Prior to the Crisis on Infinite Earths reboot, Happy Terrill was originally described as having been exposed to lightning and sunlight at the same time while ballooning, and gained energy-based super-powers.
His post-Crisis origin is more involved. Before World War II, the government established a secret group known as RONOL (Research on the Nature of Light). One RONOL member, Dr. Dayzl, theorized that the light that originated millennia ago where Earth now orbits would eventually circumnavigate the universe and return as a dangerous, conscious entity.
The original Ray on the cover of Smash Comics #25. (Aug 1941). Art by Gill Fox.
The only way to stop the “Light Entity,” Dayzl believed, was to talk to it. Tricking a reporter named Happy Terrill into joining them, Dayzl and his assistants staged an upper atmosphere ballooning “accident,” making certain Terrill was exposed to a genetic “light bomb.” Dayzl calculated that Terrill’s offspring would be a unification of human and light energy, a potential liaison to the Light Entity. Unaware of the truth, Terrill used his resulting powers to become the super-heroic Ray. Simultaneously, RONOL lost government backing due to Dayzl’s unorthodox beliefs. Dayzl’s fate remains unknown.
In 1950, after learning the truth, Terrill vowed to quit his Ray identity. Happy and his first wife, had a child named Joshua. For a time Joshua accompanied Ray on missions as his sidekick “Spitfire”. However Joshua was prone to violent outbursts, he was place in suspended animation in the 1950s only to wake up again in the future, still only 10 years old. After a brief association with his old team, the Freedom Fighters in the 70s, he had married and settled down. Everything seemed normal until Happy saw his newborn son glowing with crackling energy in the hospital nursery. Happy was convinced Dayzl’s theories were correct. He now knew his son would one day have the power to confront the Light Entity. Not wanting to put his wife through torment, Happy told her that the baby had died and then set up his son with a foster father (Happy’s brother Thomas).
In the 2008 Freedom Fighters series, Terrill is asked by Uncle Sam to ask Neon the Unknown for help. When Neon, completely detached from humanity, refuses, Terrill drinks from the waters of his oasis, becoming a new Neon the Unknown, known simply as “Neon”.
Ray Terrill
Main article: Ray (Ray Terrill)
Ray Terrill was told he was hyper-sensitive to light and exposure to sunlight would kill him. Privately tutored in his window-darkened home, Ray’s most earnest wish was for normalcy. The media called him Night Boy. His only friend during his formative years was his neighbor, Jennifer Jurden. At eighteen, by his supposed father’s deathbed, Ray learned his life was a lie. He was not allergic to light, nor did he have to live in darkness. Most disturbing of all, he discovered his true father was the 40s war-time super-hero, the Golden Age Ray.
Stan Silver
Stan Silver as the Ray. Art by Daniel Acuña.
The reformed Freedom Fighters have a member called the Ray, who has similar powers to the Terrills. The new Ray is Stan Silver, and he was described by Justin Gray as being “capable of turning his body into a living laser light” and “the playboy of the group”. Stan likes to show off in front of the media.
Working as a foreign correspondent for the Washington Sun, Silver was exposed to upper atmosphere radiation while covering a story, thus gaining power over various forms of light. Recruited by S.H.A.D.E., Silver begins using his powers in the service of his government. He is, however, something of a womanizing egomaniac in his civilian persona. Silver later defects from S.H.A.D.E. to join Uncle Sam’s new group of Freedom Fighters.
In Uncle Sam and Freedom Fighters # 6, Silver reveals that he is a double agent still loyal to S.H.A.D.E. He turns on his teammates and kills the Invisible Hood. Immediately after, the colors of his “costume” were inverted, becoming blue instead of yellow.
In Uncle Sam and Freedom Fighters # 7, he battles his former teammates and is defeated by Ray Terrill, and is sent back to Father Time. He is later seen outside the White House with S.H.A.D.E.’s other super-soldiers, who join Father Time in the timestream after the battle ends.
Powers and abilities
All versions of the Ray can absorb, store and process light and use the energy to fly and create bursts of light. In his Golden Age appearances, Happy Terrill was able to manipulate other forms of energy such as electricity and magnetism.
The Terrills were also capable of manipulating light externally to create illusions and even solid light constructs, as well as render themselves invisible.
Later in Happy’s career (while mentoring/antagonising his son), he was shown to have a greater mastery of his abilities. For example, by using “solid light vibrations,” essentially resonating the target’s inner ear, he was able to approximate telepathic communication.
Ray Terrill is capable of converting his body completely into light energy. No physical harm can come to him in this form. (Main article)
Stan Silver’s full abilities are largely undocumented. As noted above, he is apparently “capable of turning his body into a living laser light.”
Alternate versions
In the final issue of 52, a new Multiverse is revealed, originally consisting of 52 identical realities. Among the parallel realities shown is one designated “Earth-10″. As a result of Mister Mind “eating” aspects of this reality, it takes on visual aspects similar to the pre-Crisis Earth-X, including the Quality characters. The names of the characters and the team are not mentioned in the panel in which they appear, but a character visually similar to the “Happy” Terrill Ray appears. Based on comments by Grant Morrison, this alternate universe is not the pre-Crisis Earth-X.
The 2007 series Countdown: Arena introduces several alternate versions of the Ray. On Earth-6, the former Atom (Ray Palmer) has become his world’s Ray, a Nazi Ray exists on “Earth-10″ and his closest Earth-50 parallel is prominent Wildstorm Universe character Apollo, a Superman pastiche who debuted in the early 90s. It is strange to note that on Earth-10, Ray’s Freedom Fighters are supposed to be the opposition of the fascist JL-Axis (the fascist Ray’s costume matches Ray Terril’s new uniform, so the heroic Ray on the Freedom Fighters could be his father, Happy), and Apollo is more commonly viewed as a Superman parallel (he is placed with the Rays apparently due to his light-based powers).
A version of the Ray appears in the book Kingdom Come as one of the heroes loyal to Superman. He is also mentioned in being instrumental in stripping the radiation out of the Kansas soil both for the construction of the Gulag and Superman’s reclamation of the land at the end of the story. It is not specified which incarnation of the Ray this is, although in promo art he is referred to as Ray II. In the final issue of 52, the setting of Kingdome Come was designated Earth-22 in the new Multiverse.
In other media
The Ray makes several background appearances in the Justice League Unlimited animated series, although he is not given any lines. The Justice League Unlimited comic book established in #17 that this was Ray Terril, and included Happy as a member of the Freedom Fighters.
References
^Greenberger, Robert (2008), “Freedom Fighters”, in Dougall, Alastair, The DC Comics Encyclopedia, New York: Dorling Kindersley, pp. 131, ISBN 0-7566-4119-5, OCLC 213309017
^“”MEETING THE FREEDOM FIGHTERS WITH GRAY & PAMIOTTI”". Newsarama. 2006-05-11. http://www.newsarama.com/dcnew/FreedomFighters/USFF_INT.html. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
^52 (52): 12/1 (May 2, 2007), DC Comics
^Brady, Matt (2007-05-08). “”THE 52 EXIT INTERVIEWS: GRANT MORRISON”". Newsarama. http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=111900. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
External links
Ray I Index
Ray I Profile
DCU Guide: Langford Terrill
DCU Guide: Raymond Terrill
Toonopedia: Ray profile
v•d•e
Uncle Sam and the Freedom Fighters
Creators
Len Wein • Dick Dillin
Members
Black Condor • Doll Man • Firebrand • Human Bomb • Invisible Hood • Miss America • Phantom Lady • The Ray (Ray Terrill) • Red Bee • Uncle Sam
Former members
Alias the Spider • Blackhawk • Damage • Hourman • Iron Munro • The Jester • Magno • Manhunter • Neon the Unknown • Plastic Man • Red Torpedo • Quicksilver
Related articles
All-Star Squadron • S.H.A.D.E. • Young All-Stars
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_(comics)”
Categories: DC Comics metahumans | DC Comics superheroes | Golden Age superheroes | Quality Comics superheroes | 1940 comics characters debutsHidden categories: Wikipedia articles with incorrect tenses | Character pop | Parameter noimage in use
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This page was last modified on 1 December 2009 at 07:11.
This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia’s quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (November 2009)
Mitch Hedberg
Hedberg during his Comedy Central Presents special in 1999
Birth name
Mitchell Lee Hedberg
Born
February 24, 1968(1968-02-24)
Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S.
Died
March 29, 2005 (aged 37)
Livingston, New Jersey, U.S.
Medium
Stand-up, film
Nationality
American
Years active
1989 – 2005
Genres
Observational comedy, surreal humor, word play
Spouse
Lynn Shawcroft
Notable works and roles
Mitch All Together Strategic Grill Locations Do You Believe in Gosh?
Website
www.mitchhedberg.net
Mitchell Lee “Mitch” Hedberg (February 24, 1968 – March 29, 2005) was an American stand-up comedian known for his surreal humor and unconventional comedic delivery. Hedberg’s comedy typically featured short, sometimes one-line jokes, and observational comedy, mixed with absurd elements and non sequiturs. Hedberg’s comedy and on-stage persona gained him a cult following, with audience members sometimes shouting out the punchlines to his jokes before he could finish them.
Contents
1Biography
1.1Early life
1.2Career
1.3Death
2Style
3Quotations
4Discography
5Filmography
6TV appearances
7References
8External links
Biography
Early life
Mitch Hedberg was born on February 24, 1968, in Saint Paul, Minnesota, the son of Arnold and Mary Hedberg. He graduated from Harding High School in Saint Paul and was married to Canadian comedian Lynn Shawcroft on February 25, 1999.
Career
Hedberg began his career in 1989 playing open mic nights in southern Florida. Two years later, in 1991, he moved to Seattle, where, due to his continued efforts, his popularity increased. Hedberg did encounter some degree of difficulty: apparently he suffered from intense glossophobia, which sometimes led him to perform with his eyes closed. However, on her Twitter page, his wife Lynn refuted this claim.
He first achieved national exposure in 1996, performing at the prestigious Just for Laughs Montreal International Comedy Festival, which aired on Comedy Central. Hedberg appeared on The Late Show with David Letterman 2 times and became one of the show’s most successful American comedians. His eyes were closed during the Just for Laughs festival portion that was taped and aired on CBC and the Comedy Network.
Hedberg could be heard as the voice of Jimmy John’s radio advertisements during the months leading up to and after his death. He was also the voice of the Atlanta Thrashers “Hockey Love” ad campaign in 2002–2003. Every performance of the Insomniac tour, headed by Hedberg’s friend and former tour-mate Dave Attell, featured a toast to Hedberg at the end of the show.
He appeared in the 2005 film Lords of Dogtown; the film, released after his death, was dedicated to his memory.
Death
Hedberg was known to be a drug user, referring to it in some of his jokes (”I used to do drugs. I still do, but I used to, too”). Hedberg was arrested in Austin, Texas, in May 2003 for possession of heroin. On March 30, 2005, Hedberg was found dead in a hotel room in Livingston, New Jersey. Hedberg was born with a heart defect for which he received extensive treatment as a child. It was initially speculated that this condition may have played a part in his death. The New Jersey medical examiner’s office reported “multiple drug toxicity”, in the form of a cocaine and heroin “speedball”, as the official cause of death. His funeral was held at St. Ambrose of Woodbury Church in Minnesota.
Style
Hedberg’s stand-up comedy was distinguished by the unique manner of speech (he rarely used contractions) that he adopted later in his career, his abrupt delivery, and his unusual stage presence. His material depended heavily upon word play, non sequiturs, paraprosdokians and object observations. His act usually consisted equally of compact one- or two-liners resembling those of Steven Wright, in addition to longer routines, often with each line as a punchline. Many of his jokes stemmed from his everyday thoughts or situations.
Because he suffered from stage fright, Hedberg often performed wearing sunglasses, with his head down, with his hair in his face or with his eyes closed in order to avoid eye contact with the audience. He would often stand upstage or perform with his back to the audience. He would also constantly move in one spot and, when holding the microphone in some skits, his nervousness would cause him to shake it uncontrollably.
Hedberg occasionally added disclaimers to the end of a joke to let the audience know that he shared their judgment of it, most notably acknowledging when jokes were poorly delivered or received with a resigned “all right.” He also toyed with audiences that failed to respond in the way he had intended them to, occasionally quipping, “That joke’s better than you acted.” During recordings for CDs, he would often say that he would find a way to edit a failed gag to make it seem well received, for example by “adding” laughter. Following such a failure on Strategic Grill Locations, Hedberg suggested, “All right…that joke is going to be good because I’m going to take all the words out and add new words. That joke will be fixed.”
Comedy Central Records announced the release of the first album of new Mitch Hedberg material on June 10, 2008. The album titled Do You Believe in Gosh? was released September 9, 2008 and contains material recorded at The Improv in Ontario, California in January 2005. Hedberg’s wife Lynn wrote the introduction, in which she stated that the performance was in preparation for an end of the year CD recording.
Quotations
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mitch Hedberg
“I was in a casino, minding my own business, and this guy came up to me and said, ‘You’re gonna have to move. You’re blocking a fire exit.’ As though if there was a fire, I wasn’t gonna run. If you’re flammable and have legs, you are never blocking a fire exit. Unless you’re a table.”
“If I bought a company that made hot dog buns, on Day 1 we would add 2 buns to every package … Day 2 work on deliciousness.’”
“Alcoholism is a disease, but it’s the only one you can get yelled at for having. ‘Damn it, Otto, you’re an alcoholic.’ ‘Damn it, Otto, you have lupus.’ One of those two doesn’t sound right.”
“I haven’t slept for ten days, because that would be too long.”
“I used to do drugs. I still do, but I used to, too.”
“My apartment is infested with koala bears, it’s the cutest infestation ever. When I turn on the light, a bunch of koala bears scatter.”
“They say Sprite is made out of lemon and lime. I tried to make it at home, there’s more to it than that.”
“I don’t have a girlfriend. I just know a girl who would be really mad if she heard me say that.”
“I like an escalator because an escalator can never break. It can only become stairs. There would never be an ‘Escalator Out of Order’ sign. Only an ‘Escalator temporarily stairs. Sorry for the convenience.’”
” I’m fucking sick of following my dreams.. I’m just gonna find out where they’re going and hook up with them later.’”
” To hell with purple people, unless they’re suffocating.”
” When you buy a box of Ritz crackers, on the back of the box, they have all these suggestions as to what to put on top of the Ritz. “Try it with turkey and cheese. Try it with peanut butter.” But I like crackers man, that’s why I bought it, ’cause I like crackers! I don’t see a suggestion to put a Ritz on top of a Ritz. I didn’t buy them because they’re little edible plates! You’ve got no faith in the product itself.”
Discography
Strategic Grill Locations (1999) (Originally self-published, later re-released on the Comedy Central label, edited)
Mitch All Together (November 18, 2003)
Do You Believe in Gosh? (September 9, 2008)
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
1999
Los Enchiladas!
Lee
2000
Almost Famous
Eagles Road Manager
2005
Lords of Dogtown
Frank Nasworthy (Urethane Wheels Guy)
TV appearances
Year
Title
Role/Info
1998
That ’70s Show
Episode 11, as Frank
Premium Blend
Episode dated May 23, 1998 as Himself
1999
Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist
Episodes 604 and 609 as Himself
Comedy Central Presents
Himself
1999
Home Movies
Episodes 104, 105, 112, and 113 as The Pet Eulogist, Mitch, Cop, and Dr. Fizzel (Anger Management Counselor), respectively
2001
Ed
Episode 110 as Dave
Just for Laughs in Montreal
Himself
Late Friday
Himself
2002
Saddle Rash
Various voices
2003
Late Show with David Letterman
Himself
Late Show with David Letterman
Himself
Late Night with Conan O’Brien
Himself
Crank Yankers
Himself
2004
Shorties Watchin’ Shorties
Episodes 1 through 9 as Himself
References
^ abcdThe Associated Press. “Report: Mitch Hedberg died of drug overdose”. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10619222/. Retrieved 2007-11-10.
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mitch Hedberg
Official website
Mitch Hedberg at the Internet Movie Database
Mitch Hedberg at Find a Grave
Persondata
NAME
Hedberg, Mitch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
Hedberg, Mitchell Lee
SHORT DESCRIPTION
stand-up comedian
DATE OF BIRTH
February 24, 1968
PLACE OF BIRTH
Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
DATE OF DEATH
March 30, 2005
PLACE OF DEATH
Livingston, New Jersey, United States of America
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Hedberg”
Categories: 1968 births | 2005 deaths | American stand-up comedians | Cocaine-related deaths in the United States | Deaths by heroin overdose in the United States | People from Saint Paul, Minnesota | Swedish Americans | Drug-related deaths in New JerseyHidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from November 2009
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This page was last modified on 6 March 2010 at 02:19.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL6 gene.
IL-6 is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. It is secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate immune response to trauma, especially burns or other tissue damage leading to inflammation. In terms of host response to a foreign pathogen, IL-6 has been shown, in mice, to be required for resistance against the bacterium, Streptococcus pneumoniae. IL-6 is also a “myokine,” a cytokine produced from muscle, and is elevated in response to muscle contraction. It is significantly elevated with exercise, and precedes the appearance of other cytokines in the circulation. During exercise, it is thought to act in a hormone-like manner to mobilize extracellular substrates and/or augment substrate delivery (Petersen, J Appl Physiol 2005). Additionally, osteoblasts secrete IL-6 to stimulate osteoclast formation. Smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of many blood vessels also produce IL-6 as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. IL-6’s role as an anti-inflammatory cytokine is mediated through its inhibitory effects on TNF-alpha and IL-1, and activation of IL-1ra and IL-10.
Contents
1Function
2Receptor
3Interactions
4Role in disease
5References
6External links
7Further reading
Function
IL-6 is one of the most important mediators of fever and of the acute phase response. It is capable of crossing the blood brain barrier and initiating synthesis of PGE2 in the hypothalamus, thereby changing the body’s temperature setpoint. In the muscle and fatty tissue IL-6 stimulates energy mobilization which leads to increased body temperature. IL-6 can be secreted by macrophages in response to specific microbial molecules, referred to as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These PAMPs bind to highly important group of detection molecules of the innate immune system, called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These are present on the cell surfaceand intracellular compartments and induce intracellular signaling cascades that give rise to inflammatory cytokine production. IL-6 is also essential for hybridoma growth and is found in many supplemental cloning media such as briclone. Inhibitors of IL-6 (including estrogen) are used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis. Il-6 is also produced by adipocytes and is thought to be a reason why obese individuals have higher endogeneous levels of CRP. In a 2009 study, intranasally administered IL-6 was shown to improve sleep-associated consolidation of emotional memories.
Receptor
Main article: Interleukin-6 receptor
IL-6 signals through a cell-surface type I cytokine receptor complex consisting of the ligand-binding IL-6R? chain (CD126), and the signal-transducing component gp130 (also called CD130). CD130 is the common signal transducer for several cytokines including leukemia inhibitory factor(LIF), ciliary neurotropic factor, oncostatin M, IL-11 and cardiotrophin-1, and is almost ubiquitously expressed in most tissues. In contrast, the expression of CD126 is restricted to certain tissues. As IL-6 interacts with its receptor, it triggers the gp130 and IL-6R proteins to form a complex, thus activating the receptor. These complexes bring together the intracellular regions of gp130 to initiate a signal transduction cascade through certain transcription factors, Janus kinases (JAKs) and Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs).
IL-6 is probably the best studied of the cytokines that use gp130 in their signalling complexes. Other cytokines that signal through receptors containing gp130 are Interleukin 11 (IL-11), Interleukin 27 (IL-27), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus interleukin 6 like protein (KSHV-IL6). These cytokines are commonly referred to as the IL-6 like or gp130 utilising cytokines
In addition to the membrane-bound receptor, a soluble form of IL-6R (sIL-6R) has been purified from human serum and urine. Many neuronal cells are unresponsive to stimulation by IL-6 alone, but differentiation and survival of neuronal cells can be mediated through the action of sIL-6R. The sIL-6R/IL-6 complex can stimulate neurites outgrowth promote survival of neurons, hence may be important in nerve regeneration through remyelination.
Interactions
Interleukin 6 has been shown to interact with interleukin-6 receptor. and glycoprotein 130.
Role in disease
IL-6 is relevant to many disease processes such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, prostate cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis. Advanced/metastatic cancer patients have higher levels of IL-6 in their blood. Hence there is an interest in developing anti-IL-6 agents as therapy against many of these diseases. The first such is tocilizumab which has been approved for rheumatoid arthritis. Another, ALD518, is in clinical trials.
References
^Ferguson-Smith AC, Chen YF, Newman MS, May LT, Sehgal PB, Ruddle FH (April 1988). “Regional localization of the interferon-beta 2/B-cell stimulatory factor 2/hepatocyte stimulating factor gene to human chromosome 7p15-p21″. Genomics2 (3): 203–8. PMID 3294161.
^van der Poll T, Keogh CV, Guirao X, Buurman WA, Kopf M, Lowry SF (1997). “Interleukin-6 gene-deficient mice show impaired defense against pneumococcal pneumonia”. J Infect Dis176 (2): 439–44. PMID 9237710.
^Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK (2005). “Contraction-induced myokine production and release: is skeletal muscle an endocrine organ?”. Exerc Sport Sci Rev33 (3): 114–9. doi:10.1097/00003677-200507000-00003. PMID 16006818.
^“Enhancing influence of intranasal IL-6 on slow-wave activity and memory consolidation during sleep”. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology last=Benedict23: 3629–3636. 2009. doi:10.1096/fj.08-122853. PMID 19546306.
^Heinrich PC, Behrmann, I, Müller-Newen G, Schaper F, Graeve L (1998). “Interleukin-6 type cytokine signalling through the gp130(Jak/STAT pathway”. Biochem. J.334: 297–314. PMID 9716487.
^Kishimoto T, Akira S, Narazaki M, Taga T (1995). “Interleukin-6 family of cytokines and gp130″. Blood86: 1243–1254.
^Heinrich PC, Behrmann I, Haan, S, Hermanns, HM, Müller-Newen G, Schaper, F (2003). “Principles of interleukin-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation”. Biochem. J.374: 1–20. doi:10.1042/BJ20030407. PMID 12773095.
^Schwantner A, Dingley AJ, Ozbek S, Rose-John S, Grötzinger J (January 2004). “Direct determination of the interleukin-6 binding epitope of the interleukin-6 receptor by NMR spectroscopy”. J. Biol. Chem.279 (1): 571–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M311019200. PMID 14557255.
^Schuster B, Kovaleva M, Sun Y, Regenhard P, Matthews V, Grötzinger J, Rose-John S, Kallen KJ (March 2003). “Signaling of human ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) revisited. The interleukin-6 receptor can serve as an alpha-receptor for CTNF”. J. Biol. Chem.278 (11): 9528–35. PMID 12643274.
^Taga T, Hibi M, Hirata Y, Yamasaki K, Yasukawa K, Matsuda T, Hirano T, Kishimoto T (August 1989). “Interleukin-6 triggers the association of its receptor with a possible signal transducer, gp130″. Cell58 (3): 573–81. PMID 2788034.
^Kallen KJ, zum Büschenfelde KH, Rose-John S (March 1997). “The therapeutic potential of interleukin-6 hyperagonists and antagonists”. Expert Opin Investig Drugs6 (3): 237–66. doi:10.1517/13543784.6.3.237. PMID 15989626.
^Kristiansen OP, Mandrup-Poulsen T (December 2005). “Interleukin-6 and diabetes: the good, the bad, or the indifferent?”. Diabetes54 Suppl 2: S114–24. PMID 16306329.
^Dubi?ski A, Zdrojewicz Z (April 2007). “” (in Polish). Pol. Merkur. Lekarski22 (130): 291–4. PMID 17684929.
^Tackey E, Lipsky PE, Illei GG (2004). “Rationale for interleukin-6 blockade in systemic lupus erythematosus”. Lupus13 (5): 339–43. PMID 15230289.
^Smith PC, Hobisch A, Lin DL, Culig Z, Keller ET (March 2001). “Interleukin-6 and prostate cancer progression”. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev.12 (1): 33–40. PMID 11312117.
^Nishimoto N (May 2006). “Interleukin-6 in rheumatoid arthritis”. Curr Opin Rheumatol18 (3): 277–81. doi:10.1097/01.bor.0000218949.19860.d1. PMID 16582692.
^“Cancer Patients Typically Have Increased Interleukin-6 Levels”. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2006 Annual Meeting, Abstracts 8632 and 8633. Medscape.com. 2006-06-26. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/537309.
^Barton BE (August 2005). “Interleukin-6 and new strategies for the treatment of cancer, hyperproliferative diseases and paraneoplastic syndromes”. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets9 (4): 737–52. doi:10.1517/14728222.9.4.737. PMID 16083340.
^Smolen JS, Maini RN (2006). “Interleukin-6: a new therapeutic target”. Arthritis Res. Ther.8 Suppl 2: S5. doi:10.1186/ar1969. PMID 16899109.
External links
IL-6 expression in various cancers
Further reading
De Kloet ER, Oitzl MS, Schöbitz B (1994). “Cytokines and the brain corticosteroid receptor balance: relevance to pathophysiology of neuroendocrine-immune communication”. Psychoneuroendocrinology19 (2): 121–34. doi:10.1016/0306-4530(94)90002-7. PMID 8190832.
Morishita R, Aoki M, Yo Y, Ogihara T (2003). “Hepatocyte growth factor as cardiovascular hormone: role of HGF in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease”. Endocr. J.49 (3): 273–84. doi:10.1507/endocrj.49.273. PMID 12201209.
Ishihara K, Hirano T (2003). “IL-6 in autoimmune disease and chronic inflammatory proliferative disease”. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev.13 (4-5): 357–68. doi:10.1016/S1359-6101(02)00027-8. PMID 12220549.
Culig Z, Bartsch G, Hobisch A (2003). “Interleukin-6 regulates androgen receptor activity and prostate cancer cell growth”. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.197 (1-2): 231–8. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(02)00263-0. PMID 12431817.
Rattazzi M, Puato M, Faggin E, et al. (2004). “C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in vascular disease: culprits or passive bystanders?”. J. Hypertens.21 (10): 1787–803. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000084735.53355.44 (inactive 2008-06-22). PMID 14508181.
Berger FG (2005). “The interleukin-6 gene: a susceptibility factor that may contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in breast cancer mortality”. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.88 (3): 281–5. doi:10.1007/s10549-004-0726-0. PMID 15609131.
Stenvinkel P, Ketteler M, Johnson RJ, et al. (2005). “IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-alpha: central factors in the altered cytokine network of uremia–the good, the bad, and the ugly”. Kidney Int.67 (4): 1216–33. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00200.x. PMID 15780075.
Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Lin HM, et al. (2005). “IL-6 and its circadian secretion in humans”. Neuroimmunomodulation12 (3): 131–40. doi:10.1159/000084844. PMID 15905620.
Jones SA (2005). “Directing transition from innate to acquired immunity: defining a role for IL-6″. J. Immunol.175 (6): 3463–8. PMID 16148087.
Copeland KF (2006). “Modulation of HIV-1 transcription by cytokines and chemokines”. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry5 (12): 1093–101. doi:10.2174/138955705774933383. PMID 16375755.
Mastorakos G, Ilias I (2007). “Interleukin-6: a cytokine and/or a major modulator of the response to somatic stress”. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.1088: 373–81. doi:10.1196/annals.1366.021. PMID 17192581.
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PDB Gallery
1alu: HUMAN INTERLEUKIN-6
1il6: HUMAN INTERLEUKIN-6, NMR, MINIMIZED AVERAGE STRUCTURE
1p9m: Crystal structure of the hexameric human IL-6/IL-6 alpha receptor/gp130 complex
Todd Lamonte Williams (born April 9, 1978 in Bradenton, Florida) is an American football offensive tackle for the California Redwoods of the United Football League. He was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the seventh round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at Florida State.
Williams has also been a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Green Bay Packers and San Jose SaberCats.
Contents
1Professional career
1.1California Redwoods
2References
3External links
Professional career
California Redwoods
Williams was signed by the California Redwoods of the United Football League on September 2, 2009.
References
^“UFL’s California Redwoods Announces 11 New Players Including QB Shane Boyd”. UFL-football.com. 2009-09-02. http://www.ufl-football.com/press/2009/09/02/ufl_s_california_redwoods_announces_11_new_players_including_qb_shane_boyd.
External links
Florida State Seminoles bio
United Football League bio
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UFL Sacramento current roster
Active roster
3 Parker Douglass |7 Shane Boyd |8 Mike McMahon |10 Doug Gabriel |12 B. J. Sams |15 Glenn Holt |18 Liam O’Hagan |19 Joe West |20 Cory Ross |21 Ronnie Prude |22 Ray Bass |23 Dominic Patrick |24 Josh Lay |26 Marcus McClinton |27 Brandon Harrison |28 Marviel Underwood |29 Derrell Hutsona |30 Obafemi Ayanbadejo |31 Robert Herbert |32 Odie Armstrong |33 Ahmad Treaudo |43 John David Washington |44 Liam Ezekiel |45 Jon Abbate |51 Worrell Williams |54 Adrian McCovy |55 Maurice Crum |58 Johnny Baldwin |59 Nick Sundberg |65 Mike Mabry |66 Cory Lekkerkerker |67 Matt Lentz |69 Brian Rimpf |71 Louis Holmes |74 Steve Edwards |77 Tyler Luellen |78 Todd Williams |79 Isaiah Ross |80 Sonny Shackelford |82 Brandon Ledbetter |84 Nate Lawrie |89 Kai Brown |90 Jason Parker |91 Pernell Phillips |93 Chris Cooper |94 A. J. Schable |95 Roderick Green |96 Paul Carrington |97 Anthony Harris |98 Earl Cochran |99 Jason Stewart |– Derrick Gray |– Nick Hannah |– Norman LeJeune |– Adam Speer
The United Nations Naval Service is a futuristic fictional military organisation created by David Feintuch in his Seafort Saga series of novels. The organisation is heavily based on the Napoleonic-era Royal Navy, including the presence of teenage officers serving aboard major ships, largely illiterate lower-deck crewmembers, and draconian discipline. The command structure is extremely simplified compared with modern military organisations, with ‘line’ officers proceeding from Cadet to Midshipman (often abbreviated to ‘Middy’), Lieutenant (the lowest commissioned rank), Commander, Captain, Admiral, and Fleet Admiral. The UNNS operates FTL interstellar vessels on multi-year voyages between Earth and several colonies. The series follows the career of a UNNS officer, Nicholas Seafort.
Contents
1Background
2The Navy
3Ships
4Regulations
5Sources
6External links
Background
The series takes place in the years just preceding and decades after 2200. A reformed UN has become the world government, as well as administrating Earth’s colonies. Other political organizations, such as the US presidency, have only regional authority. The Secretary General is similar to a President of Earth.
Keeping with the Napoleonic-era theme, the world has become very religious, and in some cases social customs have reverted. For example, swearing in public can lead to legal difficulty, duels are legal, and the Unified Christian Church holds much sway over the public.
Technological advancements include the discovery of N-waves, which are used to travel faster than the speed of light, advanced and sentient AI, and weaponized lasers.
Interstellar travel is not in its infancy, but travel is only available to the more well off. The UNNS is the only body authorized to move cargo and passengers to the colonies. Because this artificial monopoly hurts colonial business, tensions are beginning to rise on the more stable worlds that are not dependent on Earth to survive.
The Navy
The UN Navy is the premier military body, held in higher regard than the Armed Forces. It is responsible for ships and transport, while the Army oversees space stations and ground bases.
Admission to the Navy Officer Academy can take place as early as age 12, but a 15 year old entrant is mentioned. The young ages are to reduce the dangers of Melanoma T, untreatable cancer that is a side effect of the ship’s propulsion system. Those exposed to the N-waves, which are necessary to move the ship faster than the speed of light, within a few years within puberty have reduced chances of catching the disease, although the danger remains. After a period of training of around two years, newly promoted Midshipmen will be assigned a ship to begin hands on training and the potential for further advancement. Officers hold watches on the bridge, and are responsible for piloting the ship, assisting passengers and other supervisory roles.
Crewmen are a completely different matter. They are taken from the dregs of society, often uneducated and criminal. Due to the few who would voluntarily accept the long voyages under harsh discipline, any able bodied man is accepted into the Navy as a sailor, and are offered a half year signing bonus. Sailor come from all walks of life and many ages. Their service is capped at 10 years to reduce the risks associated with N-wave travel. Sailors hold many jobs, from working in the galley, engine room or hydroponics bay, to more technical tasks such as a communications technician. Due to the low standards, the majority of sailors are simply “gauge watchers”, told to report to a superior if they see any danger signs, but not able to fix problems themselves.
Ships
The UNNS operates two main types of ship during the period in which the first four books are set- the Ship of the Line and the Sloop, again using Napoleonic naval terminology. The former are commanded by Captains while the latter are commanded by Commanders (although custom dictates that the commanding officer of a ship is addressed as “Captain” regardless of his actual rank in all but the most formal situations). Ships of the line typically have three decks while sloops have two, although some larger sloops (e.g. UNS Challenger) have three decks, and are only slightly smaller than ships of the line. Cargo barges are also mentioned, huge in mass and only operated by a skeleton crew. Later in the series a new type of ship, the two deck fastship, is introduced under the command of a Commander. Very lightly armed but also significantly faster than standard ships, fastships are often used as message runners. In the final books, another new design of ship is introduced, the Galactic class. These ships are much bigger than any other ship built, with six disks and several thousand passengers and crew.
The ships themselves are frequently described as several inch high round rubber disks around a pencil. The tip of the pencil would be the cargo bays, the opposite end would be the FTL engines. The disks are where the crew, officers and passengers live and work.
On three deck ships, the division is roughly: Deck One for the officers, Deck Two for Passengers, and Deck Three for the crew. Each deck would have the group’s recreation, dining and sleeping facilities. However, as there are more passengers than any other group, the overload from deck two are housed in sections of Deck One and Three.
Each deck is housed in a circular disk and divided into sections, each numbered. The amount of sections depends on the size of the ship. In the event of a decompression, airtight doors will seal off each section, limiting the damage to the ship as a whole, but leaving little chance of survival for anyone trapped unsuited in the holed section.
All ship types have a complement of line officers (those in the chain of command), typically three lieutenants for a ship of the line and two for a sloop, as well as four midshipmen in a ship of the line, three for a sloop. Staff officers, not in the chain of command, include the Pilot, Ship’s Doctor and the Chief Engineer.
Regulations
The most important regulation is the naval oath, which is central to the plot of Midshipman’s Hope as it binds Seafort to the Captaincy even though he considers himself incompetent and Vax Holser to be far better suited.
“I do swear upon my immortal soul to serve and protect the Charter of the General Assembly of the United Nations, to give loyalty and obedience for the term of my enlistment to the Naval Service of the United Nations, and to obey all lawful orders and regulations, so help me Lord God Almighty.”
Naval Regulation 64.3 is used as a plot device in Fisherman’s Hope when it becomes necessary for Seafort to assume command of the UN’s Home Fleet.
“When a commander in the Theater of Operations has data essential to the preservation of the main body of Naval forces, and communication with his superiors is restricted through no act or omission of his own, he may relieve his superior and assume command of all forces in the theater for the duration of the emergency. In order that authority not be divided or contested, the superior must allow the temporary usurpation of his authority. No challenge may be made to the assumption of command by any other officer under said superior, or any officer not in the theater. However, upon conclusion of the emergency the relieving officer must show by incontrovertible and conclusive evidence that his usurpation of authority was essential to preserve the main body of Naval forces. The penalty for wrongful usurpation is death. Any such sentence, once imposed, may not be appealed, commuted, or pardoned.”
Sources
Midshipman’s Hope
Challenger’s Hope
Prisoner’s Hope
Fisherman’s Hope
Patriarch’s Hope
Children of Hope
External links
List of all UNNS ships mentioned in the books
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNNS”
Categories: Fictional military organizations | Space navies | Seafort Saga
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This page was last modified on 13 February 2010 at 15:50.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukmanier_Powerline”
Categories: Electric power stubs | Electric power transmission systems | Energy in Switzerland
January - February 1975 at Record Plant Studios, New York
Genre
Hard rock, heavy metal, blues-rock
Length
36:24
Label
Columbia
Sony BMG
Producer
Jack Douglas
Professional reviews
Allmusic link
Blender link
Robert Christgau (B+) link
Q (06/01/1991)
Rolling Stone (favorable) link
Aerosmith chronology
Get Your Wings
(1974)
Toys in the Attic
(1975)
Rocks
(1976)
Singles from Toys in the Attic
“Sweet Emotion”
Released: 1975
“Walk This Way”
Released: 1975
“You See Me Crying”
Released: 1975
“Toys in the Attic”
Released: 1975
Toys in the Attic is the third album by American rock band Aerosmith. The album is their second most commercially successful studio album, with eight million copies sold in the US alone.
Steven Tyler claims that his original idea for the album cover was a teddy bear sitting in the attic with its wrist cut and stuffing spread across the floor. They decided, in the end, to put all of the animals in instead.
In 2003, the album was ranked number 228 on Rolling Stone magazine’s list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Also the song “Toys in the Attic” is part the The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame’s 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll list.
Contents
1Cover versions
2Track listing
2.1Side one
2.2Side two
3Personnel
3.1Additional personnel
3.2Production personnel
3.3Other personnel
3.4Remastering personnel
4Charts
5Certifications
6References
Cover versions
R.E.M. covered the song “Toys in the Attic” released in 1986 as a B-side to “Fall on Me”. It is available on Dead Letter Office.
“Sweet Emotion” has been covered by Leo Kottke and Mike Gordon, The Answer, Warrant and Ratt.
The song “No More No More” was covered by Velvet Revolver.
The song ‘Toys In The Attic’ was recorder by Metal Church.
Run-D.M.C. did a cover of the song “Walk This Way” with Steven Tyler & Joe Perry of Aerosmith in 1986.
Sum 41 along with rappers Ja Rule and Nelly did a cover of “Walk This Way” in 2002.
Rose Hill Drive covered the album in its entirety during their 2007-08 New Year’s Eve concert.
Track listing
Side one
#
Title
Music
Length
1.
“Toys in the Attic”
Steven Tyler, Joe Perry
3:06
2.
“Uncle Salty”
Tyler, Tom Hamilton
4:10
3.
“Adam’s Apple”
Tyler
4:34
4.
“Walk This Way”
Tyler, Perry
3:40
5.
“Big Ten Inch Record”
Fred Weismantel
2:14
Side two
#
Title
Music
Length
1.
“Sweet Emotion”
Tyler, Hamilton
4:34
2.
“No More No More”
Tyler, Perry
4:34
3.
“Round and Round”
Tyler, Brad Whitford
5:05
4.
“You See Me Crying”
Tyler, Don Solomon
5:12
Personnel
Steven Tyler - Lead Vocals, Percussion
Joe Perry - Guitar, Backing Vocals, Talkbox on “Sweet Emotion”
Brad Whitford - Guitar, Acoustic Guitar
Tom Hamilton - Bass
Joey Kramer - Drums, Percussion
Additional personnel
Scott Cushnie – Piano on “Big Ten Inch Record” and “No More No More”
Michael Mainieri – Conductor
Jay Messina – Percussion, Bass marimba on “Sweet Emotion”
Jack Douglas - Keyboards, Backing Vocals
Uncredited guitarist(s)
Production personnel
Producer: Jack Douglas at The Record Plant
Engineer: Jay Messina
Assistant engineers: Rod O’Brien, Corky Stasiak, David Thoener
Arrangers: Aerosmith, Jack Douglas, Steven Tyler
Orchestral arrangements: Michael Mainieri
Mastering: Doug Sax at The Mastering Lab, Los Angeles
^ abcdein the Attic&artist=Aerosmith&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25 “Gold and Platinum Database Search”. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Toys in the Attic&artist=Aerosmith&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
v•d•e
Aerosmith
Steven Tyler·Joe Perry·Brad Whitford·Tom Hamilton·Joey Kramer
Ray Tabano ·Jimmy Crespo ·Rick Dufay
Studio albums
Aerosmith·Get Your Wings·Toys in the Attic·Rocks·Draw the Line·Night in the Ruts·Rock in a Hard Place·Done with Mirrors·Permanent Vacation·Pump·Get a Grip·Nine Lives·Just Push Play·Honkin’ on Bobo·Aerosmith’s fifteenth studio album
Live albums
Live! Bootleg·Classics Live I and II·A Little South of Sanity·Rockin’ the Joint
Compilations
Greatest Hits·Gems·Pandora’s Box·Big Ones·Box of Fire·Young Lust: The Aerosmith Anthology·O, Yeah! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits·Devil’s Got a New Disguise - The Very Best of Aerosmith
Videos and DVDs
Video Scrapbook·Permanent Vacation 3×5·Live Texxas Jam ‘78·Things That Go Pump in the Night·The Making of Pump·Big Ones You Can Look At·You Gotta Move
Concert tours
Early Years ·Aerosmith Tour ·Get Your Wings Tour ·Toys in the Attic Tour ·Rocks Tour ·Aerosmith Express Tour ·Live! Bootleg Tour ·Night in the Ruts Tour ·Rock in a Hard Place Tour ·Back in the Saddle Tour ·Done with Mirrors Tour ·Permanent Vacation Tour ·Pump Tour ·Get a Grip Tour ·Nine Lives Tour ·Roar of the Dragon Tour ·Just Push Play Tour ·Girls of Summer Tour ·Rocksimus Maximus Tour ·Honkin’ on Bobo Tour ·Rockin’ the Joint Tour ·Route of All Evil Tour ·World Tour 2007 ·Aerosmith/ZZ Top Tour ·Cocked, Locked, Ready to Rock Tour
Personnel
Jack Douglas ·Bruce Fairbairn ·Desmond Child ·John Kalodner ·Mark Hudson ·Jim Vallance ·Richie Supa ·Tim Collins ·Marti Frederiksen ·Taylor Rhodes ·Glen Ballard ·Kevin Shirley ·Brendan O’Brien ·Steve Leber ·David Krebs
Related articles
Discography ·Singles discography ·Videography ·Band members ·Concert tours ·Awards ·Outtakes ·Toxic Twins ·The Strangeurs/Chain Reaction ·Whitford/St. Holmes ·The Joe Perry Project ·Walk This Way: The Autobiography of Aerosmith·Wherehouse ·Aero Force One ·Blue Army ·Rock ‘n’ Roller Coaster ·Flaming Moe’s·Quest for Fame·Revolution X·Guitar Hero: Aerosmith (list of songs featured) ·Toxic Twin Towers Ball
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_in_the_Attic_(album)”
Categories: Aerosmith albums | 1975 albums | Albums released in Super Audio | Albums produced by Jack Douglas | Columbia Records albums
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This page was last modified on 18 February 2010 at 09:29.
This list consists of players who have appeared in Major League Baseball. Note that the lists also include players who appeared in the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, which is not universally considered a major league.
The list is broken down into a page of each letter to reduce the size. Some letters are also broken down further for the same reason.
List of Major League Baseball players: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
See also
List of 19th century baseball players
List of baseball players who have played in the Caribbean Series
List of Major League Baseball replacement players
List of Negro League baseball players
List of first black Major League Baseball players by team and date
List of second-generation Major League Baseball players
Lists of major league players by national origin
Current MLB rosters
MLB All-Time rosters
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players”
Categories: Lists of Major League Baseball players
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This page was last modified on 12 August 2009 at 16:42.
Machanaim is a word from book of Book of Genesis (32:3) meaning “two camps”.
It is also a name of organization dealing with spiritual absorption of Jewish people from the former USSR in Israel. The organization produced many books, classes, especially for conversion. Main proponent of Religious Zionism amongst the Russian speaking Jews.
Machanaim began behind the iron curtain in ‘79, in Moscow during Brezhnev stagnation, as a group of young people who gathered to study Jewish history and tradition and pass on this knowledge to their fellow Jews. Over time it developed into an organized underground network for studying Torah, philosophy, and Jewish law. Almost all the group members were refuseniks. Classes were sometimes interrupted by KGB . In 1987 most of the Machanaim activists received permission to emigrate to Israel. There they set two main goals: to work with new immigrants and to provide assistance in Jewish education for those Jews still in the CIS. The movement’s work and its goals spawned the name Machanaim, a term from the Book of Genesis meaning “two camps”: Jerusalem and Moscow. Since Glasnost Russian speaking Jews are spread all over the world, and therefore, this World Wide Web site affords Machanaim great potential toward realizing its goals. Currently Machanaim’s main projects include book publishing, teaching Judaism via the media, running a synagogue and other activities in Ma’aleh Adumim. Machanaim founders are Dr. Zeev Dashevsky, Dr. Pinchas Polonsky, Dr. Michael Kara-Ivanov
Machanaim is also the name of a popular game played at Jewish camps and schools. It is sometimes spelled Machanayim.
References
Machanaim online
From Russia with faith, Dan Izenberg, Jerusalem Post, 17.10.1997
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This page was last modified on 9 August 2009 at 12:22.
